Frame Rates are the frequency at which consecutive images (known as frames), appear on a display. Since 1927, the standard frame rate for film has been 24 fps (frames per second). However, 24 fps is not the minimum required for persistence of vision as the human brain can make a continuous moving image with as little as 16 fps, but this mean that the effect filmmakers wanted was still given off in a much less expensive way (higher frame rates would require more film to be used.) Recently, there has been a move for higher frame rates to be utilized in modern films. This came to a head most notably in 2012 with the release of The Hobbit. Director Peter Jackson shot the film at 48 fps, which is twice the normal speed. Jackson did this as he said it made for a better viewing experience (especially in 3D), but the idea was still met with criticism. James Cameron, director of Avatar (2009), is also extremely enthusiastic about using different frame rates for the proposed Avatar sequel, as he believes that it will provide a much more engaging and realistic viewing experience. However many critics have argued that using higher frame rates in films will hinder the emotional value of films, and possibly make the films look too superficial.